Verbs
"portare" (1st conjugation) meaning "to carry" is used as the example. Second conjugation has the the least "normal" exceptions. Third and fourth get a little more complicated.
| Present tense. (remember Y/o/s/t/mus/tis/nt) | |||||
I/ego |
will end in O like porto ("a" was dropped for "flow" as in "a o doesn't flow" for 1st conjugation. "e" has no "flow" problem in 2nd conjugation so it stays ) |
porto video |
We/nos |
will end in MUS |
portamus videmus |
You/tu |
will end in S |
portas vides |
you /vos |
will end in TIS |
portatis videtis |
he, she, it/is, ea, id |
will end in T |
portat videt |
They/ei (ii), eae, ea |
will end in NT |
portant vident |
| Imperfect (was/were and still is happening in the past) tense. Clue: "ba" | |||||
I/ego |
will end in BAM |
portabam/videbam | We/nos |
will end in BAMUS |
portabamus |
You/tu |
will end in BAS |
portabas | You/vos |
will end in BATIS |
portabatis |
he, she, it/is, ea, id |
will end in BAT |
portabat | They/ei (ii), eae, ea |
will end in BANT |
portabant |
|
Perfect ("-ed" meaning action is done) tense. Clue "i", "v",
or "u" which are needed for "flow" depending on if the stem ends in a vowel
or consonant or there are some other special rules. There are also
some verbs which will now become "stem changing" as well
This tense has the most irregularities thus far ("x", "c", etc.) |
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|
I/ego |
will end in I/VI/ UI |
portavi vidi |
We/nos |
will end in IMUS... |
portavimus vidimus |
|
You/tu |
will end in ISTI... |
portavisti vidisti |
You/vos |
will end in ISTIS... |
portavistis vidistis |
| he, she, it/is, ea, id | will end in IT... |
portavit vidit |
They/ei (ii), eae, ea | will end in ERUNT... |
portaverunt viderunt |
| Future (will do something) tense. Clue "bi" | |||||
I/ego |
will end in BO |
portabo/videbo | We/nos |
will end in BIMUS |
portabimus |
You/tu |
will end in BIS |
portabis | You/vos |
will end in BITIS |
portabitis |
he, she, it/is, ea, id |
will end in BIT |
portabit | They/ei (ii), eae, ea |
will end in BUNT |
portabunt |
Commands: start with the infinitive root, remove the "re" which creates the singular or add "te" to make it plural. |
||
Infinitive |
Singular Command (to one) |
Plural Command (more than one) |
portare (to carry) |
porta! (carry!) |
portate! (all of you carry!) |
| negative commands (don't) | noli portare (don't carry!) | nolite portare! (don't carry!) |
| Participles: present and perfect passive | ||
| present singular | remove the "re" and add "ns" | portans |
| present plural | remove the "re" and add "ntes" P | portantes |
| perfect passive singular and plural agree with the noun in case and number that it describes | remove the "re" and add the correct ending such as a, us, um, æ, i, or a to agree with the noun in question | portus |
| Questions: any verb can be turned into a question | ||
| portas (you carry) | add "NE" to the end of the verb | portasne (are you carrying?) |
| Esse - to be (Irregular) | ||||
| pronoun | present | imperfect | perfect | future |
I/ego |
sum | eram | fui | ero |
You/tu |
es | eras | fuisti | eris |
he, she, it/is, ea, id |
est | erat | fuit | erit |
We/nos |
sumus | eramus | fuimus | erimus |
You/vos |
estis | eratis | fuistis | eritis |
They/ei (ii), eae, ea |
sunt | erant | fuerunt | erunt |